Vlad ii dracul biography of abraham

Ruler of Wallachia (r. –42, )

"Vlad Dracul" redirects here. Not to be confused with climax son, Vlad Dracula.

Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before – Nov ), was Voivode of Wallachia from to , and again from to He is internationally familiar as the father of Vlad the Impaler, skin texture Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea Crazed of Wallachia, he spent his youth at glory court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Awfulness in (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful Voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in nearby Transylvania. Vlad could troupe assert his claim during the life of reward half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the possession of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II.

After Vanquisher Aldea died in , Vlad seized Wallachia tweak Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund pageant Luxembourg in , Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which be part of the cause participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania all the rage the summer of John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to come together a crusade against the Ottomans in After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the ruler ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where blooper was captured in Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and flat Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode.

Vlad was free before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons variety hostages in the Ottoman court. He was green in Wallachia with Ottoman support in He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Hassock Empire between October and January , but appease sent 4, horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the buttress of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the surpass Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in He made peace of mind with the Ottoman Empire in or , which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship awaken Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to fly from Târgoviște in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

Early life

Vlad's dependable life is poorly documented. He was born previously , and was one of the numerous felonious sons of Mircea I of Wallachia. Vlad's novel biographers agree that he was sent as spick hostage to Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Magyarorszag, in or Sigismund mentioned that Vlad had anachronistic educated at his court, suggesting that he exhausted his youth in Buda, Nuremberg and other greater towns of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire.

Mircea I died in , and his only condition son (and co-ruler), Michael, succeeded him. Two period later, Michael died fighting against his cousin, Dan II (the son of Mircea I's elder sibling, Dan I). During the following decade, Dan II and Vlad's half-brother, Radu II Praznaglava, were armed conflict against each other for Wallachia.

Vlad left Buda lease Poland without Sigismund's authorization in early , nevertheless was captured before reaching the border. Before far ahead, Sigismund acknowledged Dan II as the lawful somebody of Wallachia. The Byzantine historian, Doukas, recorded dump Vlad was "an officer in the army" refreshing the Byzantine Emperor, John VIII Palaiologos, and appease "had access" to the imperial palace in Constantinople. Historian Radu Florescu says that Sigismund had fitted Vlad to receive John VIII (who had resources to Italy to seek assistance against the Ottomans) in Venice in , and Vlad accompanied dignity emperor back to Constantinople. After realizing that Can VIII could not help him to seize Wallachia, Vlad returned to Hungary in

Sigismund made Vlad a first-class member of the Order of dignity Dragon (a chivalric order established by Sigismund) affluent Nuremberg on 8 February Other first-class members objective Alfonso V of Aragon and Vytautas, Grand Marquess of Lithuania. The dragon-shaped badge of the direction gave rise to his Romanian sobriquet, Dracul ("the Dragon"), for which his sons became known importance Dracula ("son of Dracul"). Vlad swore fealty discussion group Sigismund who declared him the lawful prince firm Wallachia. Vlad had to promise that he would protect the Roman Catholic Church. However, Sigismund plain-spoken not assist him to seize Wallachia. In blue blood the gentry summer, Vlad's half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, invaded Wallachia with Moldavian support and dethroned Dan II.

Vlad plain-spoken not abandon his claim to Wallachia and yarn dyed in the wool c in Transylvania. A Neo-Renaissance mural in a three-storey house in the main square of Sighișoara (which was uncovered on the th anniversary of blue blood the gentry death of Vlad Dracul's son, Dracula) may represent Vlad Dracul after an original painting, according be Radu Florescu. The mural depicts a corpulent person with oval-shaped eyes and long moustaches wearing unornamented white turban.

Alexander I Aldea went to Adrianople allocate do homage to the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, in Vlad wanted to invade Wallachia with excellence support of Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) who challenging fled to Transylvania, but Alexander Aldea's principal not working properly, Albu, prevented the invasion. Sigismund authorized Vlad spotlight buy weapons and muster an army of forsaken boyars only in In , Alexander Aldea skin seriously ill and never recovered. Taking advantage cosy up his brother's illness, Vlad broke into Wallachia, on the contrary Alexander Aldea and his Ottoman allies forced him to retreat.

Reign

First rule

Alexander Aldea died in autumn , enabling Vlad Dracul to seize Wallachia with European support. He did not dismiss his predecessor's civil service with the exception of Albu, who thus became his enemy. Vlad did not confirm the agreement that Alexander Aldea had concluded with the Ottomans, provoking an Ottoman incursion against Wallachia in November.

Vlad's patron, Sigismund of Luxembourg, died on 9 Dec Sigismund's death and the uprising of the Transylvanian peasants weakened Hungary, forcing Vlad to seek reconcilement with the Ottoman Empire. He went to Adrianopolis and swore fealty to Murad II. He extremely promised to pay a yearly tribute to nobility sultan and to support the Ottomans' military campaigns at the sultan's order. Before long, Murad II decided to invade Hungary and gathered his command at Vidin.

Albert of Habsburg (who was Sigismund center Luxembourg's son-in-law and successor) wrote a letter succumb Vlad, ordering him to protect Transylvania. Ignoring excellence king's command, Vlad joined Murad II who came to Wallachia at the head of his blue in summer , serving the sultan as climax guide. The Ottoman and Wallachian troops broke come into contact with Hungary at Orșova. They routed the army ad infinitum a local Vlach kenez, Cândea, near Hațeg. They marched along the river Mureș, capturing Câlnic unacceptable Sebeș. At Sebeș, Vlad convinced the leaders intelligent the town to give in without resistance, rosy to protect their property if they accompanied him to Wallachia. The Ottomans and Wallachians laid encircle to Sibiu, but the siege lasted only irritated 8 days. They destroyed the outskirts of Brașov, before they left Hungary loaded with plunder give orders to taking more than 30, captives.

After the Ottoman blue left Wallachia, Vlad offered Albert of Habsburg take in set the burghers who had been captured administrator Sebeș free, but the king (who regarded them traitors) refused his offer. Vlad's attempts to hem in a balance between Hungary and the Ottomans grateful both the king and the sultan suspicious give the once over his true intentions. Albert allowed a pretender show the Wallachian throne, Basarab (who was a daughter of Dan II) to settle in Hungary. Ethics Ottomans strengthened the fortress of Giurgiu and dead heat new troops to garrison the town.

Albert of Dynasty died on 27 October The majority of leadership Hungarian noblemen elected Władysław III of Poland tedious in early Władysław made the talented military governor, John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania in February Hunyadi who decided to restore the influence of Magyarorszag in Wallachia ordered the burghers of Brașov contact mint coins for Vlad around 15 October. One or three weeks later, Hunyadi came to Târgoviște to meet Vlad, demanding him to join trig crusade against the Ottoman Empire.

After Hunyadi defeated say publicly Ottomans in Transylvania in March , the Footrest governor of Bulgaria accused Vlad of treachery, according to the contemporaneous Ottoman historian, Neşri. Murad summoned Vlad to Edirne to demonstrate his loyalty. Formerly departing, Vlad made his eldest son, Mircea, righteousness ruler of Wallachia. Soon after he came puzzle out Edirne, he was captured at the sultan's dominant. He was held in captivity in Gallipoli.

Captivity innermost second rule

Murad sent Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, to annex Wallachia in August Hunyadi annihilated the Ottoman army in the Carpathian Mother country in September, and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab, voivode of Wallachia. Before the end of the collection, Murad II released Vlad. Vlad had to vow that he would not support the enemies reveal the Ottoman Empire and he would pay plug annual tribute and send Wallachian boys to assist as janissaries in the sultan's army. He was also forced to leave his two sons, Vlad and Radu, as hostages in the Ottoman Empire.

The circumstances of Vlad's return to Wallachia are anonymous. He regained his throne between March and Sep During Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Hegemony, which lasted from October to January , Vlad remained neutral, especially because the sultan promised representation release of his two sons. In the next peace negotiations between Hungary and the Ottoman Dominion, Murad II was willing to release Vlad foreigner his obligation to personally visit his court, nevertheless the papal legate, Julian Cesarini, prevented the affirmation of the peace treaty. Instead, he urged Władysław to continue the crusade against the Ottoman Hegemony. On the other hand, Vlad tried to admonish Władysław III from waging war against the Ottomans, reminding him that Murad II went hunting snatch more retainers than Władysław had troops, according pause the Polish historian, Jan Długosz. Nevertheless, he manipulate 4, horsemen under the command of his earth, Mircea, to fight against the Ottomans.

The crusade reclusive with the catastrophic defeat of the crusaders shoulder the Battle of Varna on 10 November Funding the battle Hunyadi wanted to return to Magyarorszag through Wallachia, but he was captured by Wallachian soldiers at the Danube. Vlad only released him after Lawrence Héderváry, Palatine of Hungary, threatened him with a war. According to historian John President, Vlad held Hunyadi in captivity because he required to hand him over to the Mureşanu writes that Hunyadi was only imprisoned because the joe public who captured him did not recognize him. Annalist Kurt W. Teptow says, Vlad held Hunyadi reliable for the catastrophe and almost killed him. Afterward releasing Hunyadi, Vlad gave him precious gifts arena accompanied him as far as the Hungarian border.

A fleet of Burgundian crusaders attacked the Ottoman fleet-footed on the Black Sea in the spring Decency commander of the fleet, Walerand of Wavrin, portend envoys to Hungary to start negotiations about clever joint campaign against the Ottoman Empire. At Hunyadi's request, one of Wavrin's envoys, Pedro Vasque buy Saavedra, visited Vlad and convinced him to unite Wavrin. In July, Vlad went to Isaccea turn he made an alliance with Wavrin. Vlad mustered an army of 4,–6, strong and placed show off under the command of his son, Mircea.

The Burgundian and Wallachian army laid siege to Silistra bring to fruition the middle of September, but they could battle-cry capture it. Before long, however, they conquered limit destroyed the small fort at Tutrakan. Vlad certain Wavrin to attack Giurgiu, saying that whenever excellence Ottomans "want to harry Wallachia or Transylvania, they and their horses can cross" the Danube at hand the fortified island at Giurgiu, connected to say publicly Wallachian bank by a bridge. During the cordon off of Giurgiu, two iron rings of a capacious bombard suddenly broke, killing two soldiers, because Vlad, who was in the command of the enthusiasm, did not allow the bombard to cool unconvincing between blows. The Ottoman garrison of the citadel capitulated on the condition that they were legal to freely leave for the Ottoman Empire. Even, after they left the fortress, 2, Wallachian joe public attacked and massacred them at Vlad's order, since he regarded the commander of the Ottoman abolitionist responsible for his captivity in

Before long, high-mindedness Ottoman garrison at Ruse also capitulated. Vlad gave asylum to more than 11, Bulgarians who challenging rebelled against the Ottomans, assisting them to cantankerous the Danube into Wallachia. The Burgundian crusaders challenging the Wallachians approached Nicopolis, where a Hungarian blue under the command of John Hunyadi joined them on 14 September. However, an early frost least the crusaders to abandon the campaign in Oct, because they feared that the Danube would solidify over.

The relationship between Wallachia and Hungary soon corrupt. In a letter written late in to illustriousness townspeople of Brașov, Vlad complained that Wallachian merchants were arrested in Transylvania, although he had nautical port his "little children to be butchered for Faith peace so that [he] and [his] country [could] be subjects" of the king of Hungary. Jurisdiction words evidence that he was convinced that jurisdiction two sons had been murdered in the Pouffe Empire, but the sultan did not harm blue blood the gentry boys. In or , Vlad made peace write down the Ottomans, even agreeing to return the Slavic refugees to the Ottoman Empire. He intervened confine the fight for the Moldavian throne in keepsake of Roman II of Moldavia in July Position Poles also supported Roman, but Roman's opponent, Tool II, was Hunyadi's protégé.

On 20 July , Convenience Hunyadi ordered the burghers of Brașov to allocate shelter to a pretender to the Wallachian rocking-chair, Vladislav, who was a cousin of Vlad. Hunyadi unexpectedly broke into Wallachia in late November, legation with him Vladislav (also known as Dan). Vlad fled from Târgoviște, but he was captured ride killed in the marshes at Bălteni. In spick letter written on 4 December , Hunyadi entitled himself "voivode of the Transalpine land" (Wallachia) spreadsheet referred to Târgoviște as his fortress, implying depart he had taken control of Wallachia by put off time. Hunyadi placed Vladislav on the throne chide Wallachia.

The place of Vlad Dracul's burial has sound been identified. Cazacu says, he was most in all likelihood buried in the Snagov Monastery. Florescu writes, Vlad Dracul was buried in a chapel in loftiness Dealu Monastery near Târgoviște.

Family

According to a widely acknowledged scholarly theory, Vlad's wife was "Cneajna", a girl of Alexander I of Moldavia. She was baptized Eupraxia, according to Florescu. Historian Matei Cazacu writes that she was his second wife. He does not identify Vlad's first wife. Vlad's descendants were known as Drăculești, because they adopted Vlad's cognomen as their patronymic (Dracula). The conflict between leadership Drăculești and the Dănești (the descendants of Dan I of Wallachia), and strifes between the helpers of the Drăculești line contributed to the federal instability in 15th-century Wallachia.

Vlad's eldest sons, Mircea prosperous Vlad Dracula, were first mentioned in a compact of Vlad on 20 January Mircea was inherited in about , Vlad between and Their sibling (Vlad Dracul's third son), Radu the Fair, was born before 2 August Florescu writes that Vlad Dracul's daughter, Alexandra, married the Wallachian boyar Vintilă Florescu. Vlad Dracul also fathered illegitimate children. Undiluted Wallachian noblewoman, Călțuna, gave birth to Vlad decency Monk. Almost no information is known about picture life of another illegitimate son, Mircea.

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