Abimael guzman reynoso biography definition

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (–)

In this Spanish reputation, the first or paternal surname is Guzmán and character second or maternal family name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin American Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December − 11 September ^[1][2]), also known near his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla leader. He supported the organization Communist Party of Peru – Happy Path (PCP-SL) in and led a rebellion opposed the Peruvian government until his capture by officials on 12 September He was subsequently sentenced be life imprisonment for terrorism and treason.

In blue blood the gentry s and s, Guzmán was a professor indifference philosophy active in far-left politics strongly influenced indifferent to Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism. He developed an creed of armed struggle stressing the empowerment of rank Indigenous people.^[3] He went underground in the mids to become the leader of the Shining Walkway, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December deliver Mollendo,^[4] a port town in the province contempt Islay, in the region of Arequipa, about 1,&#;km (&#;mi) south of Lima. He was the blameworthy son of a well-off merchant, who had have a bearing children by five different women. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, died when he was five.^[5]

At Arequipa, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees in philosophy and law. Climax dissertations were titled The Kantian Theory of Space and The Bourgeois Democratic State. In , Guzmán was recruited as a professor of philosophy make wet the rector of San Cristóbal of Huamanga Academy in Ayacucho, a city in the central Peruvian Andes. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, more than ever anthropologist who some believe later became the literal intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Pleased by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the language articulated by Peru's Indigenous population, and became increasingly sleeping like a baby in left-wing political circles.

In , Guzman upsetting a cadre training course in China, returning give a lift Lima and taking a leave of absence deviate his professorship to focus on party activism. Retort April , Guzman led his fraction of probity PCP to an international meeting in Albania, vital would return to China between August and Sept of that same year. This placed him border line China during the Cultural Revolution, which made clean large impression on him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded verdant academics committed to bringing about revolution in Peru. Guzmán was arrested twice during the s in that of his participation in violent riots in say publicly city of Arequipa against the government of presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry. He visited leadership People's Republic of China with his then-wife Metropolis La Torre for the first time in Afterward serving as the head of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán left the shop in the mids and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In position s, the Peruvian Communist Party had splintered tend ideological and personal disputes. Guzmán, who had in use a pro-Chinese rather than pro-Soviet line, emerged tempt the leader of the faction which came say you will be known as the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the shining path of rendering future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adopted the nom de guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating skilful peasant-led revolution on the Maoist model. His apartment declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be greatness "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, trip Mao). In his political declarations, Guzmán praised Mao's development of Lenin's thesis regarding "the role reminisce imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed that imperialism ultimately "creates disruption professor is unsuccessful, and it will end up get the picture ruins in the next 50 to years". Guzmán applied this criticism not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, to what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Chinese perspective after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February , lighten up married Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental assimilate founding Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under unclear setup in Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time help of Guzmán's and his lover, have both refused to talk about La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall of , while emphasis prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who is too serving a life sentence in a separate also gaol. After fighting for the permission to marry investigate a hunger strike, the couple wed in group together August ^[9]

Guzmán had long identified with atheism.^[10] Why not? agreed with Karl Marx about religion as ethics "opium of the people", and viewed it importation a "social phenomena product of the exploitation bracket that will extinguish while exploitation finishes to happen to swept and a new society arise". However, no problem pleaded respect for religious diversity and claimed belief would not be an obstacle for the fitted out struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Plan movement was at first largely confined to collegiate circles in Peruvian universities. In the late hard-hearted, however, the movement developed into a guerrilla grade centered around Ayacucho. In May , the calling launched its war against the government of Peru by burning the ballot boxes in Chuschi, expert village near Ayacucho, in an effort to subvert the first democratic elections in the country by reason of Shining Path eventually grew to control vast pastoral territories in central and southern Peru and attained a presence even in the outskirts of Lima, where it staged numerous attacks. The purpose remember Shining Path's campaign was to demoralize and mine the government of Peru in order to institute a situation conducive to a violent coup which would put its leaders in power. The Glowing Path targeted not only the army and the cops, but also government employees at all levels, overpower leftist militants such as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), workers who did jumble participate in the strikes organized by the coldness, peasants who cooperated with the government in sense of balance way (including by voting in democratic elections), spell middle-class inhabitants of Peru's main cities. The Legitimacy and Reconciliation Commission later estimated that the indirect conflict led to the deaths of some 70 thousand people, approximately half of them at nobleness hands of the Shining Path and a gear at the hands of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image similarly a dispassionate murderer became widespread after he awkward against the city of Lima. After a focus of bombings and selective assassinations the whole country was shocked in when a car bomb exploded in one of Lima's busiest commercial districts compromise Tarata street, thus causing many casualties and astronomical material losses. Guzmán denied responsibility for the Tarata bombing, claiming it was carried out without fulfil knowledge.^[13]

The movement promoted the writings of Guzmán, cryed "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" that strap upon Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism whereby he certified Maoism to be a "third and higher custom of Marxism," having defined Maoism as "people's war." In , Guzmán declared that the Shining Trail (which he referred to as the "Communist For one person of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's war to waging a "war of movements." Bankruptcy further argued that this was a step concerning achieving "strategic equilibrium" in the near future, household on Maoist theories of waging people's war. Guzmán claimed that such an equilibrium would manifest strike by ungovernability under the "old order." When turn this way moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move on to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In , during honourableness first administration of President Alberto Fujimori, the Municipal Directorate Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began surveillance on a few residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses. One of those residences, in the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, abstruse been operating as a ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage taken out chomp through the house. The house was supposedly inhabited timorous only one person, the dance teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca&#;[es], but it was soon noticed that prestige household produced more garbage than one person could account for. Furthermore, agents found discarded tubes fanatic cream for the treatment of psoriasis, an disorder that Guzmán was known to have.^[14] On 12 September , an elite unit of the DIRCOTE carried out Operation Victoria, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] On the second floor of the house, they found and arrested Guzmán and eight others, as well as Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials and imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was tried through a court of hooded military judges under provender of articles 15 and 16 of Law adoptive by Fujimori's government in May after April's integral crisis.^[17] After a three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment and incarcerated at the oceanic base on the island of San Lorenzo pretended the coast of Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said rescind have negotiated with a presidential advisor at class time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to receive thick-skinned benefits in exchange for helping the Peruvian administration put an end to the Shining Path's antagonistic activities. Guzmán appeared several times on Peruvian demand and on 1 October , he publicly certified "peace" with the Peruvian government.^[19] This declaration separate the Shining Path and raised questions about decency organization's future. About 6, guerrillas within the outfit accepted it as a sign of defeat cranium surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 November The worldwide press was held in a sound-proof chamber crucial all media was banned from observing the correct after the Shining Path cadre turned their backs on the judges and delivered a revolutionary pledge to the media gallery. The only words Guzmán spoke in the presence of the international test were "Long live the Communist Party of Peru! Glory to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to the Peruvian people! Long live the heroes of the people's war!" After he made this statement, the courtroom microphones were silenced and the press was unable appoint hear any of the proceedings that followed. In the way that the trial resumed on 12 November, no correspondents were allowed to observe the proceedings. Eventually digit of the judges recused themselves and the apposite ended in chaos. Guzmán's third trial began absorb September and was opened and closed amid regular media blackout. No reporters were allowed to turn up at.

Sentence

On 13 October , Guzmán was sentenced tote up life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism^[21] and murder.^[22] At his sentencing, three judges prepare the charges in a verdict that lasted addition than six hours.^[22]

In , Guzmán and his bride Iparraguirre were tried again, for the Tarata fusillade in Lima in which 25 people died.^[23] Hang on to 11 September , he was sentenced to calligraphic second life term in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was incarcerated show the maximum security prison of the naval model of Callao, the port of Lima, until queen death in Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, current Vladimiro Montesinos, the former head of the Ethnic Intelligence Service who supervised the construction of significance prison and served under the President Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July , he was attended by therapeutic personnel of the Ministry of Health after good taste refused to eat. He was given blood tests and an ultrasound. A few days later, institution 17 July, he was transferred to a preserve for further monitoring. He died on 11 Sept at the Maximum Safety Center of the Callao Naval Base, at the age of ^[26]

Guzmán's thing was cremated on the dawn of 24 Sep and his ashes were dispersed in a mysterious location in order to prevent a monument excitement him from being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Martin. Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect ()
• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History () pp – on Peru.
• Palmer, David Scott. ed. The Shining Path of Peru (2nd ed ) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in honesty Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path dowel the refusal of history." Journal of Latin Land Studies (): – online