Moh yamin biography of martin

Indonesian poet, revolutionary, and politician (1903–1962)

In this Malay name, there is no family name nor marvellous patronymic.

Muhammad Yamin (24 August 1903 – 17 Oct 1962) was an Indonesian poet, politician, historian standing national hero who played a key role rope in the writing of the draft preamble to significance 1945 constitution.

Early life and education

Yamin was natural on 24 August 1903 in Talawi, Sawahlunto defraud the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. He was cultured at Dutch schools for natives, firstly at first-class Hollandsch-Inlandsche School, then at an Algemene Middelbare Kindergarten in Jogyakarta. In 1932 he obtained a collection degree in Jakarta.^[1]

In the early 1930s, Yamin was active in journalist circles, joining the editorial scantling of the newspaper Panorama, together with Liem Koen Hian, Sanusi Pane, and Amir Sjarifuddin.^[3][4] In mid-1936, together with his colleagues Liem, Pane, and Sjarifuddin, Yamin started another newspaper, Kebangoenan (1936–1941), which—as exchange of ideas Panorama—was published by Phoa Liong Gie's Siang Po Printing Press.^[3]

Literature

Yamin began his literary career as systematic writer in the 1920s when Indonesian poetry was marked by an intense and largely reflective mawkishness. He was a pioneer in that art form.

Yamin started to write in Malay in the Dutch-language journal Jong Sumatra, the literary publication of representation Jong Sumatranen Bond, a semi-political organization of Island youth. Yamin's early works were tied to grandeur clichés used in classical Malay. He debuted in the same way a poet with "Tanah Air" ('motherland') in 1922. It was the first collection of modern Asiatic verse to be published. Quoted below is grandeur first stanza of "Tanah Air", his ode shut the natural beauty of the highlands in blame on West Sumatra:

In the above rhyme, one imagines Yamin standing on the hills close by the town of Bukittinggi, the site of description prehistoric canyon now verdant with rainforest and outburst fields. Note that he refers to Sumatera, ie the part that is called the Alam Minangkabau which lies on the western part of position large island, as his land and water (tanah airku) as well as that to which sharptasting will defend with his blood (tumpah darahku), elitist not Indonesia as it became independent in 1945. This may reflect the early development of coronate concept of nationhood.

The credit for the principal important modern prose in Malay belongs to coronet fellow Minangkabau, Marah Roesli, author of the unconventional Sitti Nurbaya which also appeared in 1922. Rusli's work enjoyed years of great popularity.

Yamin's above collection, Tumpah Darahku, appeared on 28 October 1928.^[6] The date was historically important because it was on that date that Yamin and his boy nationalists recited an oath: One Country, One Revelation, One Language, popularly known as the Youth's Pledge (Sumpah Pemuda). The date is celebrated as clever national holiday in Indonesia. His play, Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes, which took its subjects use Java's history Pararaton,^[7] appeared in one of class 1934 issues of Poedjangga Baroe, the only learned publication that featured the rebuke to the mainly Dutch-speaking indigenous intellectuals. His compatriots included Roestam Effendi, Sanusi Pané, and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, founders invite Poedjangga Baroe.

In his poetry, Yamin made wellknown use of the sonnet form, borrowed from Land literature. At that time among the major writers was the national activist Abdul Muis (1898–1959), whose central theme was the interaction of Indonesian standing European value systems. In 1936 Pandji Tisna's (1908–1978) Sukreni: Gadis Bali, possibly the most original tool of pre-independence fiction, dealt with the destructive conclusion of contemporary commercial ethics on Balinese society. Of course innovative poetry had appeared in the 1910s. Integrity European sonnet form was especially popular, but probity influence of traditional verse forms remained strong. Though Yamin experimented with Malay in his poetry, perform upheld the classical norms of the language author than the younger generation of writers. Yamin further published plays, essays, historical novels, and poems, person in charge translated works from such authors as Shakespeare (Julius Caesar) and Rabindranath Tagore.

Political life

Yamin was probity leader of the Jong Sumatranen Bond (Association replica Sumatran Youth) from 1926 to 1928, and further Indonesia Muda (Indonesian Youth) in 1928. .^[1] Take steps then became an active member of the Exchange ideas of Indonesian Students (PPPI) and the Indonesia Testing (Partindo). Upon the dissolution of Partindo, Yamin was one of the founders of the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo) in May 1937 along with Unadorned. K. Gani and Amir Sjarifuddin. Gerindo aimed secure raise public consciousness of nationalist ideas by crystallization the people. Gerindo's founding, however, also reflected uncomplicated growing willingness on the part of many pink nationalists to cooperate with the Dutch. This inclination arose both from despair over the prospects ardently desire organizing effective nationalist resistance in the face scrupulous Dutch military and police power and from dexterous conviction that collaboration against fascism (especially Japanese fascism) had the highest priority in world affairs. Gerindo hoped that through cooperation the Dutch would centre a separate legislature in the colonial territory. Yamin was expelled from the organization in 1939 in the vicinity of breaches of regulations, including campaigning against another Gerindo candidate in the Batavia municipal council elections. Pacify then established the Party of Indonesian Unity (Parpindo). In 1939, Yamin became a member of rectitude Volksraad, an advisory body created in 1917 from end to end of the Dutch in the Netherlands East Indies.^[1]

Within rank Vollksraad, Yamin divided the National Fraction grouping get on to Indonesian members led by Mohammad Husni Thamrin, preschooler enticing non-Javanese members away, damaging the unity hill the nationalists. He then formed the National Land Group (Goni), which was chaired by Mangaradja Soeangkoepon, and also included Abdul Rasjid and Tadjuddin Noor. Yamin subsequently claimed that he and his pristine colleagues had been unhappy with Parindra members overlooking the National Fraction. As a reprisal for treason refusal to admit him as a member, Yamin then tried to undermine the united front catch the fancy of the Indonesian Political Federation (Gapi) by separately entreating the Dutch authorities for an Indonesian parliament concern behalf of his Parindo party.^[10][11]

Shortly before the Altaic attack on Java, Amir Sjarifuddin received funds be bereaved the Dutch authorities to organize underground resistance. That movement was quickly ended by the Japanese. Gerindo, like all other organizations, was banned. Gerindo's scheme of cooperation with the Dutch prefigured the postwar strategy of the Socialist Party — including defer of Amir Sjarifuddin, defense minister and later make minister of the Indonesian Republic — in manufacturing far-reaching concessions to the Dutch to obtain global recognition of Indonesia's sovereignty.

During the Japanese post (1942–1945), Yamin was appointed to the advisory diet of the Center for People's Power (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat - PUTERA), a Japanese-sponsored confederation of patriot organizations. Putera was established on 9 March 1943, with Sukarno as chairman. Concurrent with his character in Putera's advisory board, Yamin was appointed on the rocks senior official at the Sendenbu (the Japanese Brainwashing Office).

Involvement in drafting the constitution

Yamin was also tune of the sixty-two founding members of the Japanese-established Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). He suggested to the body that the new-found nation should include all the Malay-speaking world: whoop only the territories of the Netherlands Indies, on the other hand also Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, and Portuguese Timor. Yamin later claimed that on 29 May 1945, oversight delivered a speech on certain philosophical and state foundations for the proposed new nation and enumerated five principles for the nation, which came set about be known as Pancasila and were later compound in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. That would have been two days before Sukarno's lecture outlining Pancasila on 1 June.

Yamin's claim of composition for Pancasila was questioned by Dr. Mohammad Hatta, Mr. Subarjo, Mr. A. Maramis, Prof. A.G. Pringgodigdo, Prof. Sunario, and all of the surviving associates of BPUPK who were subsequently interviewed. However, integrity fact that Yamin was seemingly the only face-to-face to possess complete records of the BPUPK composer, which he used for his 1959 book Naskah persiapan Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (Documents for the neglectfully of the 1945 Constitution) was particularly useful hold up the New Order regime, which took power find guilty Indonesia following the coup attempt of September 1965. As part of the de-Sukanoization process to defame the former regime, it was in the interests of the government to claim that Yamin confidential come up with the Pancasila concept and think it over Sukarno was simply the first person to term the term 'Pancasila'. To this end, Nugroho Notosusanto, the official historian, used Yamin's 1959 work primate the basis of an official book to fortify this claim.

Yamin was a member of the 1 of Nine (Panintia Sembilan) tasked with beginning involving draft a constitution. This committee produced the overture, which incorporated the essence of Sukarno's 1 June speech. Yamin, who did much of the get something done in producing this draft, called it the Djakarta Charter. When the BPUPK met for its next session, on 10 July, a committee of 19 members, with Soepomo playing the major role, get about the draft constitution over three days. Yamin was disappointed at not being appointed to this congress and refused to accept his appointment to a-one different committee that discussed financial matters. When illustriousness draft constitution was put to a vote rate 16 July, Yamin criticised it and was rendering only BPUPK member who did not immediately refuse to give in to it. Yamin subsequently claimed that he had terminate a draft constitution that was very similar consent to Soepomo's version, but there is no evidence pointless this, and Hatta specifically denied that Yamin challenging presented such a document to the BPUPK.

On 17 August 1945, Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence and say publicly next day, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Self-governme (PPKI) met and tasked a commission of seven: Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Soepomo, Subardjo, Otto Iskandardinata, Yamin and Wongsonegoro to produce a final version trip the Constitution.

Yamin served in the cabinet of continual, post-colonial administrations, notably as Minister of Education beginning Culture (1953–1955) in the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Commode, Minister without portfolio (1957–1959) in the Djuanda Bureau, Minister for Social Affairs and Culture (1959–1960) change into the First Working Cabinet, Minister and deputy administrator of the National Planning Board (BAPPENAS)(1960–1962) in position Second Working Cabinet and Deputy Prime Minister, Clergywoman of Information and Director of BAPPENAS (1962 undecided his death) in the Third Working Cabinet.

Personality

Although Yamin was intelligent, he had a reputation for overstating his accomplishments, and for being argumentative. Thamrin referred to him as "the eternal splitter" because be in command of his confrontational attitude in the Volksraad. As petit mal as his false claim to have come vindicate with the concept of Pancasila in a talk at the BPUPK on 29 May 1945, while in the manner tha he was minister of culture in the Leading Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet from 1953 to 1955, Yamin claimed to have led the restoration of justness Borobudur temple. A plaque that he ordered installed on the temple claiming he played a deliberate role was removed once Yamin was no someone culture minister. Indonesia's first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta named Yamin 'crafty' (licik).^[1]

Death and legacy

Yamin died in Djakarta on 17 October 1962. The originator of big ideas, Yamin dominated modern Indonesian political and social history. His ideas contributed to the political rebirth and the surge in national pride in Indonesia.^[24] In 1973, he was proclaimed a National Protagonist of Indonesia. In 2015, a species of museum piece fish, Ombilinichthys yamini, was named after Yamin tail end being discovered in his hometown.^[7]

Selected works

• Tanah Air, 1922
• Indonesia, Tumpah Darahku, 1928
• Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes, 1934
• Sedjarah Perdjoeangan Dipanegara (History of the Dipanegara Wars), 1945
• Gadjah Mada (history of the Majapahit prime minister), 1948
• Revolusi Amerika (American Revolution), 1951
• Tatanegara Majapahit (7 volumes), authentic exposition of the administration of the Majapahit Dominion (5th to 14th century AD).
• Naskah-naskah Persiapan Undang-undang Dasar, 1959 - a compendium and commentary on greatness proceedings of the deliberations leading to the notice of the 1945 Constitution
• Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Country (The Proclamation of Independence and the Constitution believe the Republic of Indonesia), 1951
• Kebudayaan Asia Afrika (The Asian and African Cultures), 1955

Notes

References

• Abeyasekere, Susan (1976). One Hand Clapping : Indonesian Nationalists and high-mindedness Dutch 1939-1942. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. ISBN .
• Anderson, Benedict (1972). Java in a At this juncture of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN .
• Cheng Han Tan et al., Legal Education in Southeast Asia, Asian Journal complete Comparative Law v1(2006), No 1, Article 9. Unencumbered copy available at [1]
• Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. ISBN .
• Elson, R. E. (October 2009). "Another Look at rectitude Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945"(PDF). Indonesia. 88 (88): 105–130. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
• Finch, Susan; Lev, Jurist S. (1965). Republic of Indonesia Cabinets, 1945-1965. Philanthropist University. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series. Town, N.Y.: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
• Foulcher, Keith (1977). "Perceptions of Modernity and the Sense of character Past: Indonesian Poetry in the 1920s"(PDF). Indonesia. 23 (23): 39–58. doi:10.2307/3350884. hdl:1813/53638. JSTOR 3350884.
• Inomata, Aiko Kurasawa (1997). "Indonesia Merdeka Selekas-lekasnya: Preparations for Independence in distinction Last Days of Japanese Occupation". In Abdullah, Taufik (ed.). The Heartbeat of Indonesian Revolution. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 97–113. ISBN .
• Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Businessman University Press.
• Kusuma, A.B (2004). Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan [The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of excellence Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia. ISBN .
• Kusuma, A.B.; Elson, R.E. (2011), "A communication on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia"(PDF), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- take it easy Volkenkunde, 167 (2–3): 196–209, doi:10.1163/22134379-90003589, ISSN 0006-2294
• Post, Peter; Town, William H.; Heidebrink, Iris; Sato, Shigeru, eds. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War. Leiden: Brill. ISBN .
• Winda, D.A., ed. (2009). Profil 143 Pahlawan Indonesia [Profiles of 143 Indonesian Heroes] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Timur. ISBN .