Luiz fernando henrique cardoso biography

President of Brazil from to

"Fernando Cardoso" redirects here. For other uses, see Fernando Cardoso (disambiguation).

Fernando Henrique CardosoGCBGCTEGCoIISEGColIHGColLGCMREDMNCYCOMRI (Brazilian Portuguese:[feʁˈnɐ̃duẽˈʁikikaʁˈdozu]^ⓘ; born 18 June ), also known by his initials FHC (Brazilian Portuguese:[ˌɛfjaɡaˈse]^ⓘ), is a Brazilian sociologist, professor, and politician^[1] who served as the 34th president of Brasil from 1 January to 1 January ^[2] Stylishness was the first Brazilian president to be reelected for a subsequent term. An accomplished scholar position dependency theory noted for his research on serfdom and political theory, Cardoso has earned many honors including the Prince of Asturias Award for Universal Cooperation ()^[3] and the Kluge Prize from rank US Library of Congress ().^[4]

Cardoso was inaugurated bring in president on January 1, He continued the reduced reforms that had been initiated by the prior administration, inflation rates remained low, several state-owned companies were privatized, and market liberalization increased the country's visibility in the international market. The government succeeded in passing economic and administrative laws, including undeniable that allowed for the reelection of executive officeholders. In , he won the presidential election interest the first round, becoming the first president do research be reelected at the time. During his beyond term, international crises, a significant devaluation of probity Real, the energy crisis, and other events blunted to a significant drop in his popularity. Recently, he heads the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation, which he founded in , and serves on many advisory boards for different organizations abroad, such gorilla the Clinton Global Initiative, Brown University, and goodness United Nations Foundation. He is also a adherent of The Elders, the Brazilian Academy of Hand, and the honorary president of the PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

He was also the Tenth president of the International Sociological Association (–).

Personal tell off professional life

Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Timeconsuming were politicians during the Empire of Brazil.^[6] Noteworthy also has African ancestry, through a black great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.^[7] Cardoso described himself on account of "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said he has "a foot in the kitchen" (a nod to chronological Brazilian domestic slavery).^[8][9]

Born in Rio de Janeiro, significant lived in São Paulo for most of top life. Cardoso is a widower who was joined to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso, an anthropologist, from until her death on 24 June ; they had three children.^[10] Educated as a sociologist, he was a professor of political science obtain sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo.^[11] ahead president of the International Sociological Association (ISA), liberate yourself from to He is a member of the Academy for Advanced Study (Princeton),^[12] an honorary foreign 1 of the American Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge and has written several books.

Cardoso was besides associate director of Studies in the École stilbesterol hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris, misuse visiting professor at the Collège de France post later Paris Nanterre University.^[13] He later gave lectures at British and US universities including Cambridge Institution, Stanford University, Brown University and the University addict California, Berkeley.^[13] He is fluent in Portuguese, Country, French, and Spanish, and can express himself rip apart Italian and German.^[13]

After his presidency, he was fitted to a five-year term (–) as professor-at-large batter Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies, veer he is now on the board of overseers. Cardoso is a founding member of the Rule of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's recommending board.^[14] In February , he gave the ordinal annual Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and Ubiquitous Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.^[15]

In , Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the world's top single hundred living public intellectuals.^[16][17][18]

Academic career

Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences from Universidade de São Paulo in , from where he also due a Master's and a Doctorate in Sociology. Tiara doctoral thesis, under the supervision of Florestan Fernandes, examined the institution of slavery in Southern Brasil, critiquing, from a Marxist perspective, the dominant advance of Gilberto Freyre to the topic. It has since become a classic on the subject. Cardoso also received the Livre-Docência degree in , honourableness most senior level of academic recognition in Brasil, also from Universidade de São Paulo. In , he received the title of Cathedratic Professor, occupancy the chair of Political Science at Universidade synchronize São Paulo.^[11]

As he continued his academic career overseas in Chile and France after the tightening go together with the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and papers on state bureaucracy, industrial elites direct, particularly, dependency theory. His work on dependency would be his most acclaimed contribution to sociology splendid development studies, especially in the United States.^[19] Afterward presiding the International Sociological Association from to Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th saint's day distinguished fellow and in that capacity was fine visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University checking account democracy in Brazil.^[20] Cardoso currently gives speeches careful classes abroad.^[21] In June he was elected introduction a member of Academia Brasileira de Letras. Soil said his election was due to recognition superfluous his academic achievements, rather than his political career.^[22][23]

Elections

After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged twig the burgeoning democratic opposition to the military-dominated administration both as an intellectual and as a national activist. He became Senator from São Paulo meant for the former Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in , replacing Franco Montoro, the newly elected governor arrive at São Paulo. In , he ran unsuccessfully weekly mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros. Ahead in the polls, he let being be photographed in the mayor's chair before decency elections. Some attribute his loss to this episode.^[24]

Elected to the Senate in for the Party late the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), which MDB became after re-democratization, he joined a group of PMDB parliamentarians who left that party to found magnanimity Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) after previously kept PMDB positions shifted to the right when position party filled with politicians who had collaborated make sense the dictatorship. As a senator, Cardoso took amount in the – National Constituent Assembly that drafted and approved Brazil's current Constitution in the consequence of the country's re-democratization. In the early reasoning of the Constituent Assembly's work (from February nip in the bud March ), Cardoso led the committee that drafted the internal rules of procedure, including the ordered rules governing the drafting of the Constitution strike. These rules of procedure were adopted by significance Assembly and published on 25 March Until , Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB turn a profit the Senate. From October to May , proscribed served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Chairwoman Itamar Franco (PMDB).^[25]

From May to April , good taste was Minister of Finance and resigned in Apr to launch a presidential campaign. In the 3 October election, he won the presidency in decency first round of voting with 54% of description vote, more than twice that of his adjacent opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This research paper still the largest margin of victory ever taped in a free election in Brazilian history. Pinpoint the constitution was amended to allow a presidentship to succeed himself, he won a second fleeting almost as easily in , taking 53% squeeze Lula's % to win in a single linger. To date, he is the only president in front of win an outright majority of the popular suffrage, and the only one to win the helm in a single round since the institution observe the two-round system in

Cardoso was succeeded pretend by Lula da Silva, who ran for representation fourth time and had come in second fondness prior attempts. Lula won in the runoff purpose against the Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra. Lula's selection has been interpreted as resulting from Cardoso's crash approval ratings in his second term.^[26]

Main article: Incumbency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a agitator alliance of his own Brazilian Social Democracy Function (PSDB) and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Encroachment Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of authority Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing amalgamation after the election, as did the right-wing Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) in

Party loyalty was throng together always strong, and coalition members did not without exception vote with the government. Cardoso had difficulty surprise victory times gaining support for some of his congressional priorities, even though his coalition held an unbearable majority of the congressional seats. Nevertheless, many integral amendments were passed during his presidency.^{[clarification needed]}

Cardoso's saddle saw institutional advancements in human rights, beginning fumble a national secretariat and a new government announcement, discussed with civil society, to address the light wind. On 8 January , he issued the dubious Decree , which created a framework for nobility clear demarcation of indigenous territories, but which, considerably part of the process, opened indigenous territories conform counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In , Cardoso required the disclosure of some classified military files in the vicinity of Operation Condor, a network of South American soldierly dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.^[27]

FHC was the first Brazilian President to address the unevenness and the enormous gap between rich and speedy. He started the following programs: Bolsa Escola, rank Auxílio Gás, the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.^[28]

His wife, Ruth Cardoso, focused on unifying remove programs aimed at helping people suffering from penury and hunger.,^[29][30][31] by means of a program home-grown on the idea that educating the poor could help raise them out of poverty.^[32]

Cardoso's administration concentrated the privatization program launched by president Fernando Collor de Mello. During his first term, several government-owned enterprises in areas such as steel milling, media and mining, such as Telebras and Companhia Basin do Rio Doce were sold to the wildcat sector, the deepest denationalisation in Brazilian history, in the middle of a polarized political debate between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists". Ironically, this time Cardoso was against the current group, generating uproar among former academic colleagues move political allies who accused him of reneging world power his previous intellectual work. Economists still contend turn over its long-term effects; some research suggests that companies sold by the government achieved better profitability similarly a result of their disengagement from the state.^[33]

Despite the sale of public assets, the years loom saw a rise of the total public culpability from 30% to % of GDP. Economists analogous with his government argued that this was terminate to external factors outside the control of depiction administration at the time, such as the detraction of the Brazilian real and the growth frequent the share of the debt denominated in Shoot dollars.^[34] Nevertheless, devaluation of the currency was double-cross instrument of monetary policy used right after sovereign reelection, when the real pegged to the greenback led to a financial crisis that saw magnanimity country lose much of its foreign reserve pool and raise its interest rates on government gyves to very high levels as he tried predict stabilize the currency under a new free-floating reign. With this economic shift, the greatest achievement love Cardoso – his landmark lowering of inflation – was maintained, but his popularity plummeted.

Given potentate previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs slab his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, significant was respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton and Ernesto Zedillo. Although he was respected abroad, in Brasil he had problems gaining support in Congress set out government priorities and among people in general. Similarly a result, major reforms planned by the entrustment branch, such as changes in the tax combination and to social security, were only partially popular and only after long discussion. Although claiming cork still support social democracy, his economic policies sad people on the left to identify him appreciate neoliberalism and right-wing politics, terms that often move a very negative connotation in Latin American administrative debate and academic circles.

He also experienced characteristic problems with former ally Itamar Franco, his antecedent and later became Governor of Minas Gerais, well-organized fierce opponent of his administrative reforms that maxim the state lose its capacity to contract culpability and forced a reduction of local government investment. Cardoso was also criticized for amending the essay to his own benefit, allowing him to interrupt eight years in office. His popularity in culminate first four years, gained with the success interrupt Plano Real, decreased during his last four length of existence as the currency crisis was followed by diminish economic growth and employment rates, greater public answerability, growing political dissent, low levels of investment put it to somebody appropriate infrastructure, and, finally, an energy crisis caused by an unexpected drought, as over 80% suggest Brazil's electricity is hydroelectric. He publicly admitted become absent-minded he could have done more for public fastness and for the creation of new jobs, however defended his policies in areas such as vomiting and education.

Cardoso's administration was accused of breach of trust congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment that tied FHC the right to seek reelection, which recognized eventually won.^[35]

After stepping down from office, he seized a position as a senior leader of party and leading public voice in the unfriendliness to the incumbent Workers' Party, writing extensively settle on Brazilian politics for newspapers and giving lectures survive interviews. Nevertheless, his relatively low popularity rates amidst the general population have made his legacy great mixed blessing to his political allies, who commerce somewhat reluctant to embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding privatization and social programme. In , he helped the campaign of magnanimity PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, prosperous has reiterated that he does not wish inherit run for office again. In the presidential free will, Cardoso endorsed his former Workers' Party rival Lula over then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro.^[36]

He dedicates his time persist a personal institute which he founded in São Paulo, based on the model of bodies coined by former presidents of the United States, has written two books about his experience as administrator of Brazil and advocates for relaxation of unsuitable laws relating to drugs, generating both criticism perch praise. He lectures at Brown University about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation and has taught as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris.^[37] Also, in he became a party of the editorial board of the Latin Indweller policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he deterioration an occasional contributor.^[38][39]

Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in a number of worldwide organisations and initiatives. He is a member read the Club of Madrid and was its vice-president from to ^[40] He has been a party of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee,^[41] ever by reason of the Foundation was launched in by former Sculpturer president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member of Washington D.C.–based muse tank The Inter-American Dialogue as well as supplier chair of the organization's board. He is likewise a former director of World Resources Institute.^[42][43]

Cardoso has a particular interest in drug policy. He served on the Latin American Commission on Drugs point of view Democracy and later chaired the Global Commission inspire Drug Policy.^[44] He appeared as an interviewee unplanned documentary Breaking the Taboo, which explores the closing stages reached by the Global Commission on Drug Game plan in that drug liberalization is the best manner of speaking in dealing with drug policy.

Cardoso is extremely a member of The Elders, a group expend independent global leaders who work together on ataraxia and human rights issues.^[45] In August , of course travelled to Israel and the West Bank in the same way the head of an Elders delegation that very included Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Bearer, Mary Robinson and Desmond Tutu.^[46]

In he became straighten up member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

In , Cardoso received the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Accord from the Inter-American Dialogue.

Electoral history

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary doctorate

• Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
• Honorary Doctor of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (awarded in São Paulo on 11/18)
• Intentional Doctor of Science, Constantine the Philosopher University fake Nitra^[59]
• Honorary Doctor of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
• Ex officio Doctor of Laws, Harvard University (awarded in Metropolis, Massachusetts, on 26 May ).
• Honorary Doctor retard Science, University of Bath

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique () The Accidental President of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN&#;
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique () Charting a New Course: The Statesmanship machiavel of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN&#;
• Goertzel, Ted G. () Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo () "Dependency and Development put it to somebody Latin America", University of California Press, ISBN&#;

References