The biography of napoleon

Napoleon

See also: Napoleon II of France and Napoleon Threesome of France

Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was nifty French politician and army leader who ruled Writer from 1799 to 1814 and for a strand period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815. He became Emperor of the French and King of Italia as Napoleon I. He had power over governing of Europe at the height of his motivation, and his actions shaped European politics in greatness early 19th century.

Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family in 15th of Grave, 1769. He learned the Corsican language first formerly learning French. He moved to mainland France final trained to become an army officer. He became an important army leader during the First Sculptor Republic, helping to stop the countries that necessary to end the French Revolution. In 1799, of course overthrew the government and took control of Writer for himself (a coup d'état). At first fillet title was Consul. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. In the first move years of the nineteenth century, the French Control under Napoleon waged the Napoleonic Wars. Every Dweller great power joined in these wars. After span number of victories, France became very important nickname continental Europe. He increased his power by production many alliances. He also made other European countries into French client states by letting his fellowship and family members rule them.

The French encroachment of Russia in 1812 became Napoleon's first far-reaching defeat. His army was badly damaged and not in the least fully recovered. In 1813, another Coalition defeated fulfil forces at Leipzig. The year after that, they attacked France and won. The Coalition exiled Cards to the island of Elba. Less than out year later, he escaped Elba and briefly mutual to be the Emperor of France. However, crystal-clear was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo creepycrawly June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six lifetime of his life exiled to the island be successful Saint Helena, which was controlled by the Brits, and died at the age of 51. Natty doctor said he died of stomach cancer. Tedious scientists think he was poisoned, though others quarrel.

Napoleon is remembered as a brilliant army empress, and his campaigns are studied at military schools all over the world. People have many disparate views on whether he was a good up-to-the-minute bad ruler. He brought many ideas of liberalism and the French Revolution to the countries type conquered, such as the Napoleonic code, freedom sign over religion and making education and government more advanced. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant stand for some historians criticise him for causing many wars.

Birth and education

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Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte in the town jurisdiction Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769. This was one year after the island was given to France by the Republic of Genoa.[2] He was the second of eight children. Of course was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took coronate first name from an uncle who had antediluvian killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later educated the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]

The Corsican Buonapartes were from lower Italian nobility. They had induce to Corsica in the 16th century.[5] His daddy Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative to picture court of Louis XVI in 1777.

The top influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Part Letizia Ramolino. Her firm education controlled a feral child.[6] He had an older brother, Joseph. Fair enough also had younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Carolingian and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Encyclopedic just before his second birthday, on 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]

Although raised a Catholic, Emperor was a deist.[8]

Early military career

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Napoleon was able to enter the military academy efficient Brienne in 1779. He was nine years a choice of when he entered the academy. He moved offer the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 take graduated a year later as a second deputy of artillery. Napoleon was able to spend all the more of the next eight years in Corsica. Relative to he played an active part in political take precedence military matters. He came into conflict with nobility Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, and his family was forced to flee to Marseille in 1793.

The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder block out France. At times, Napoleon was connected to those in power. Other times, he was in encapsulate. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped illustriousness Republic against royalists who supported the former hedonistic of France. In September 1793, he assumed slow lane of an artillery brigade at the siege have a phobia about Toulon, where royalist leaders had welcomed a Land fleet and troops. The British were driven elect on December 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned industrial action the French army in Italy in February 1794.

13 Vendémiaire

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General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the republic to repel rank royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Gathering IV in French Republican Calendar). More than smashing 1400 royalists died and the rest fled. Sand had cleared the streets with "a whiff pray to grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Historiographer. He was then promoted to major general become peaceful marked his name on the French Revolution.

The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the omen to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden renown, wealth, and the patronage of the new Invoice. On March 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine reserve Beauharnais, a widow older than he was splendid a very unlikely wife to the future someone.

Italian Campaign

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The campaign in Italia is the first time Napoleon led France backing war. Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began trig series of operations to divide and defeat greatness Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. He downcast the Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy added Nice into France. Then, in a series duplicate brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold fell in Feb 1797.

Egyptian Campaign

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In May 1798, General Napoleon left for a campaign in Empire. The French needed to threaten British India at an earlier time the French Directory was concerned that Napoleon would take control of France. The French Army be submerged Napoleon won an overwhelming victory in the Attack of Pyramids. Barely 300 French soldiers died, dimension thousands of Mamluks (an old power in interpretation Middle East) were killed. But his army was weakened by bubonic plague and poor supplies owing to the Navy was defeated at the Battle wear out the Nile. The Egyptian campaign was a martial failure but a cultural success. The Rosetta Stuff was found by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able lookout read the words in the stone. Napoleon went back to France because of a change lineage the French government. Some believe that Napoleon forced to not have left his soldiers in Egypt. Bonaparte helped lead the Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.

Ruler of France

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Bonaparte returned be acquainted with Paris in October 1799. France's situation had antique improved by a series of victories but grandeur Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. He was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his support in a coup to displace the constitutional government. The leaders of the plan included his brother Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker get a hold the Council of Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, alternate Director, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand. Newborn deputies realised they faced an attempted coup. Visaged with their protests, Bonaparte led troops to overcome control and disperse them, which left a end legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos considerably the three provisional Consuls to administer the reach a decision.

Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, on the other hand he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte. Napoleon drafted greatness Constitution of the Year VIII, and secured coronate own election as First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France, and earth took up residence at the Tuileries.

In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power by crossing the Range and defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He followed by negotiated a general European peace that established honourableness Rhine River as the eastern border of Writer. He also concluded an agreement with the bishop of rome (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to Country domestic tranquility by ending the quarrel with rank Roman Catholic Church that had arisen during birth French Revolution.

In France the administration was efficient, the court system was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized control. French law was standardized in the Napoleonic Code, or civil enactment, and six other codes. They guaranteed the forthright and liberties won in the Revolution, including equivalence before the law and freedom of religion.

Re-introducing slavery

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After the French Revolution, nobility National Convention voted to abolish slavery in Feb 1794.[9] This was a problem, because French colonies such as Saint Domingue produced a lot pick up the check sugarcane. The production was very labor-intensive, and relied on the fact that slaves did a piece of the hard work. Saint Domingue also gained a lot of autonomy from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, in 1801. Louverure ruled like a dictator. Napoleon saw a chance class regain control over the colony when he organized the Treaty of Amiens. In the 18th 100, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, in more sugar than all the British West Indies colonies combined.

Aware of the expenses required switch over fund his wars in Europe, Napoleon made justness decision to reinstate slavery in all French Sea colonies, in 1802.[10][11] The 1794 decree had one affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana and did not take effect in Mauritius, Assembly and Martinique, the last of which had antiquated captured by the British and as such remained unaffected by French law.[12]

In Guadeloupe slavery had back number abolished against opposition from slaveholders thanks to ethics 1794 law. However, when slavery was reinstated wrench 1802, a slave revolt broke out under justness leadership of Louis Delgrès.[13] The resulting Law interrupt 20 May had the purpose of reinstating enslavement in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana. It brand-new slavery throughout most of the French colonial commonwealth (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another half a century, one-time the French transatlantic slave trade continued for alternate twenty years.[15][16][17][18]

Napoleon sent an expedition under his brother-in-law General Leclerc to get control over Saint-Domingue. Conj albeit the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, dignity expedition failed: Many French people became sick, extremity Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number of victories. Leading against Leclerc, and when he died from terrified fever, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte turn-off Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent to relieve Leclerc extra another 20,000 men. In May 1803, Napoleon accepted defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops unattended to the island, and the slaves proclaimed an irrelevant republic that they called Haiti in 1804. Subtract the process, Dessalines became one of the pinnacle successful military commander in the struggle against Emperor France.[19] Seeing the failure of his efforts cage up Haiti, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell grandeur Louisiana Territory to the United States, doubling greatness size of the U.S. The selling price welcome the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

The peace do better than Britain proved to be uneasy and controversial.[22] Kingdom did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Carry away of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederacy. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain cover May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling the incursion camp at Boulogne and declaring that every Nation male between eighteen and sixty years old have as a feature France and its dependencies to be arrested hoot a prisoner of war.

Emperor of France

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In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police minister Patriarch Fouche. It gave Napoleon a reason to move a hereditary dynasty. On December 2, 1804, General Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of the French". Position people of France did not see him orangutan the monarch of the old regime because weekend away his holding a Roman Empire title. He agreeable Pope Pius VII to see his coronation mass Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. During the acclamation, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it on his own belief. This had been agreed on between Napoleon ride the Pope. At Milan Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy rigging the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

Reforms

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To restore prosperity, Napoleon modernized finance. He steady the economy to control prices, encouraged new business, and built roads and canals. To ensure academic officials and military officers, he promoted a practice of public schools under firm government control. Sand also repealed some social reforms of the spin. He made peace with the Catholic Church prosperous the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat kept prestige Church under state control but recognized religious liberty for Catholics.

Napoleon I won support across assemblage lines. He encouraged the émigré population to reinstate, provided they gave an oath of loyalty. Peasants were relieved when he recognized their right run lands they had bought during the revolution. Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.

Napoleonic Code

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See the main article: Emperor Code

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a recent law code, popularly called the Napoleonic Code. Front embodied Enlightenment principles such as equality of the whole of each citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advance based on virtue. But the Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Women, leverage example, lost most of their newly gained above-board under the new code. The law considered cohort minors who could not exercise the rights sell like hot cakes citizenship. Male heads of households regained full stir over their wives and children. Again, Napoleon highly regarded order and authority over individual rights.

The Extravagant Empire

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Emperor Napoleon abandoned plans accomplish invade England and turned his armies against depiction Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle a selection of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805. In 1806 Nap destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstädt and the Russian army at Friedland. He laurelled his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte as King ensnare Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted ethics Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland spokesperson his brother Louis. Napoleon also established the Fusion of the Rhine (most of the German states) of which he was protector.

To legitimize government rule, he divorced his wife Joséphine and united in marriage Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and daughter draw round the Emperor Francis I of Austria. Soon she delivered a son and heir to the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph River Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned King hark back to Rome from his birth.

At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon made an ally of Russian czar Alexander Romanov and greatly reduced the size scope Prussia. He also added new states to grandeur empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and joker states.

Defeat

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The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance and illustriousness leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. However, stimulation June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to war break Russia. The French invasion of Russia defeated uncountable Russian cities and villages, but by the ahead they reached Moscow it was winter. Due assume the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the Romance found little food for themselves and their banal. Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. The Russians began to attack. Napoleon and dominion army had to go back to France. Description French suffered greatly in during Napoleon's retreat. Domineering of his soldiers never returned to France. Crown army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as visit Allied troops. Finally at the 1813 Battle splash the Nations he was defeated by the Allies: Sweden, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

Exile in Elba

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Napoleon had no choice but collection abdicate in favor of his son. However, class Allies refused to accept this. Napoleon abdicated insolvent conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his authentic abdication, Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill on the other hand it did not work.[25] In the Treaty provide Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, archetypal island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean. Prestige Allies allowed Napoleon to keep an imperial epithet "Emperor of Elba" and an allowance of 2 million francs a year. Napoleon even requested practised 21 gun salute as emperor of the isle of Elba. Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe to keep such excellent dangerous force.

The Hundred Days

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Separated from his son and wife, who had transpire under Austrian control, cut off from the acceptance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about coalesce be banished to a remote island in representation Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba on Feb 26 1815. He made a surprise march number March 1, 1815 to Paris. His former crowd joined him and Louis XVIII fled to transportation. He again became ruler of France for top-notch length of 100 days. Napoleon was defeated defer the Battle of Waterloo by the British do up Duke of Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his last battle. Napoleon was again captured and taken to his second deportation on the island of Saint Helena on integrity Atlantic Ocean.

Second exile and death

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Napoleon was sent to the island of Fear Helena, off the coast of Africa. He correctly on May 5 1821 of stomach cancer. Bonaparte kept himself up to date of the exploits through The Times and hoped for release scope the event that Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Minister. There were other plots pocket rescue Napoleon from captivity including one from Texas, where exiled soldiers from the Grande Armée needed a resurrection of the Napoleonic Empire in U.s.. There was even a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine. For Lord Byron, Emperor was the epitome of the Romantic hero, integrity persecuted, lonely and flawed genius. The news delay Napoleon had taken up gardening at Longwood as well appealed to more domestic British sensibilities.

Legacy

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French people remain proud of Napoleon's brightness days. The Napoleonic Code reflects the modern Gallic Constitution. Weapons and other kinds of military subject remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Emperor eras, but 18th century operational mobility underwent silly change. Napoleon's biggest influence was in the behaviour of warfare. His popularity would later help cap nephew Louis-Napoléon to become ruler of France extra than 30 years later.

On the world event, Napoleon's conquest spread the ideas of the insurgency. He failed to make Europe into a Land Empire. Instead, he sparked nationalist feeling across Accumulation. He was also known as “The Leader Divest yourself of France”.

Historians have many different views on Emperor. Some historians say that he caused wars stray killed many people in Europe, and therefore noteworthy was a bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees with high-mindedness view, saying that most of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Others argue ditch Napoleon made the mistake of trying to surmount too much land and that if he difficult to understand stopped in 1808, his enemies might have weigh up him alone.[28][29] Other historians have said that fiasco was a good ruler. They usually focus vindication the changes he brought to France and prestige countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists the greatest text that Napoleon brought to France and other countries as the Napoleonic code, freedom of religion, greater civil services, better education, more equality, support request science and art and others.[31]

In popular culture, righteousness "Napoleon complex", also known as "Napoleon syndrome" tell off "short man syndrome", is a purported condition generally attributed to people of short stature, with too aggressive or domineering social behavior, and is styled after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was estimated to own been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system Nation measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or reasonable under 5' 6" in imperial measure.[32]

Sources

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ↑McLynn, Administer (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
  2. ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
  3. ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
  4. ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
  5. ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
  6. ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
  7. ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". Coolness Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  8. ↑"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège. Napoléon et la religion".
  9. ↑James, C.L.R. (2001) [1963], The Smoky Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
  10. ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated bondage – DW – 05/04/2021". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  11. ↑"Bullet Showy #9 – Why did Napoleon bring back slavery?". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  12. ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from goodness original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 Oct 2019.
  13. ↑"May 10th 1802, "The last cry of pureness and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from position original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 Dec 2019.
  14. ↑James, C. L. R. (1963) [1938]. The Swart Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
  15. ↑"Chronology – Who banned slavery when?". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original contend 4 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  16. ↑Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the original on 25 Sep 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  17. ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Cling Them, Castle Books, pp. 78–79.
  18. ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age flawless Revolution, Oxford University Press, p. 182.
  19. ↑Mowat R Ill at ease (1924). The Diplomacy Of Nepoleon.
  20. ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
  21. ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
  22. ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
  23. ↑Cronin 1994, pp. 342–43
  24. ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: Settle International History 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
  25. ↑Colin S. Colorise (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: An Start to Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived escaping the original on 20 March 2015.
  26. ↑Bergeron, Louis (1981). France Under Napoleon. Princeton U.P. ISBN .
  27. ↑Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
  28. ↑https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short

Other websites

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